{"id":40223,"date":"2016-06-20T06:34:05","date_gmt":"2016-06-20T12:34:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.featheredphotography.com\/blog\/?p=40223"},"modified":"2016-06-20T16:39:33","modified_gmt":"2016-06-20T22:39:33","slug":"another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence\/","title":{"rendered":"Another Nasty Encounter Between An Owl And A Barbed Wire Fence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Many readers will remember the <a href=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2015\/09\/10\/barn-owl-hung-up-on-barbed-wire\/\" target=\"_blank\">Barn Owl I had to cut out of barbed wire<\/a> last summer in Montana. At the time I only had a small, cheap and dull pair of wire cutters with me and the effort required to cut the thick double-stranded\u00a0wire strained tendons in my arm that took several weeks to heal. So I invested in\u00a0a pair of new, heavy-duty cutters\u00a0to carry in my pickup\u00a0in case I ever came across a similar situation again. It&#8217;s a\u00a0darn good thing I did.<\/p>\n<p><em>Caution: some of these images may be disturbing to some viewers.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"40224\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,643\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;6.3&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Ron Dudley&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D Mark II&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1466322730&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;700&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;500&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"short-eared owl 2417 ron dudley\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley.jpg\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40224\" src=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley.jpg\" alt=\"short-eared owl 2417 ron dudley\" width=\"900\" height=\"643\" srcset=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley.jpg 900w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley-150x107.jpg 150w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2417-ron-dudley-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Yesterday morning Mia and I were cruising the back roads of\u00a0northern Utah\u00a0looking for birds to photograph when we passed this adult Short-eared Owl on our left. It was perched on the wrong side of the road for good light but Mia looked back again and noticed something very disturbing so I backed up to investigate.<\/p>\n<p>The adult was there for a reason.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"40225\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,693\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;6.3&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Ron Dudley&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D Mark II&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1466322740&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;700&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;500&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"short-eared owl 2430 ron dudley\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley.jpg\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40225\" src=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley.jpg\" alt=\"short-eared owl 2430 ron dudley\" width=\"900\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley.jpg 900w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley-768x591.jpg 768w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley-150x116.jpg 150w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-2430-ron-dudley-400x308.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Perhaps 10&#8242; in front of the adult was one of its recent fledglings\u00a0entangled\u00a0in a barbed wire fence. The adult didn&#8217;t fly off until I was very close to both birds which tells me of its concern for the juvenile. I fired off a couple of shots of both birds from my pickup and then just sat there for a moment as we tried to figure out our strategy in rescuing the youngster. If you make a mistake in these situations you might live to\u00a0regret it if you care anything at all about birds.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"40226\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;RON DUDLEY&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1466319200&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;76&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;800&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0003125&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"short-eared owl 5974 ron dudley\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley.jpg\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40226\" src=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley.jpg\" alt=\"short-eared owl 5974 ron dudley\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley.jpg 900w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5974-ron-dudley-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This shot shows what an obstacle course\u00a0barbed wire\u00a0fences present to\u00a0these young birds as they&#8217;re learning to fly, often in the semi-darkness. There are\u00a0five strands of wire on the\u00a0fence and those deadly barbs are very close to each other. The barbed wire I remember in Montana years ago\u00a0had significantly fewer barbs and it only takes one of them to snag a bird or other wildlife.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"40227\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"688,900\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;RON DUDLEY&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1466319274&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;73&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;800&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"short-eared owl 5981 ron dudley\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley.jpg\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40227\" src=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley.jpg\" alt=\"short-eared owl 5981 ron dudley\" width=\"688\" height=\"900\" srcset=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley.jpg 688w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley-115x150.jpg 115w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-5981-ron-dudley-400x523.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This view from a different angle shows how\u00a0seriously the wing\u00a0was mangled.<\/p>\n<p>Cutting fence in cattle country is serious business so I was determined to avoid cutting it if\u00a0at all possible. I spent almost 15 minutes trying to get the owl off the wire but the wing was already badly damaged and it was wrapped around the wire in such a way that I simply could not extract the owl without further mangling the wing. A comment\u00a0made by\u00a0friend and wildlife rehabilitator April Olson on the post I made about the Barn Owl entangled in wire in Montana kept coming to mind as I\u00a0was\u00a0struggling to make\u00a0my decision. In that comment she said:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8220;Thank you for cutting the wire. We received a beautiful young great horned owl that had been tangled in a barbed wire fence, but the farmer didn\u2019t want to cut the wire. Instead he cut the owls wing tendon that was wrapped around the wire. Unfortunately we could not repair the damage and the owl could not be saved.&#8221;\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So in the end, with great reluctance, I\u00a0cut the wire and as the tension in the wire was released the owl was freed\u00a0instantly with no further\u00a0damage to the wing. The owl was alert, bright-eyed and even cooperative as we wrapped it in a towel and began the long drive for help.<\/p>\n<p>But I took a few minutes to stop at the nearest ranch house to report the cut fence wire and while there I talked to two gentlemen who lived nearby. The first fellow was friendly, gregarious and seemed to understand the situation from my point of view. The second gentleman &#8211; not so much. He was obviously unhappy that I had cut the wire for an owl. But it turns out that neither of those gentlemen owned the fence so I gave them both my card with contact information and asked them to inform the owner of the fence what I&#8217;d done and why and to tell the owner that I would pay reasonable repair costs for the cut wire. They agreed to do so.<\/p>\n<p>As\u00a0I made the long drive out of the area\u00a0Mia and I tried to figure out our next step. The best option was to drop the owl off at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Northern Utah in Ogden\u00a0but they weren&#8217;t answering their phone, perhaps because it was Sunday and Father&#8217;s Day morning. So\u00a0as I drove, Mia called our good friends Jerry Liguori and Mike Shaw of Hawkwatch\u00a0International to try to figure out an alternative strategy. Both Jerry and Mike were incredibly helpful and in the end we drove the owl to HWI headquarters in Salt Lake City where we met Mike and handed the owl off to him. Mike then made arrangements to have the bird delivered to the Ogden rehab center. I&#8217;ve heard nothing since.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"40228\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"900,688\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;RON DUDLEY&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 7D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1466327648&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;44&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;800&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.000125&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"short-eared owl 6003 ron dudley\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley.jpg\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-40228\" src=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley.jpg\" alt=\"short-eared owl 6003 ron dudley\" width=\"900\" height=\"688\" srcset=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley.jpg 900w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley-768x587.jpg 768w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley-150x115.jpg 150w, https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The owl was still in relatively good shape when we arrived at HWI to meet Mike &#8211; here Mia is holding it wrapped up in the towel as we&#8217;re parked in the parking lot. There&#8217;s a feather in front of its right eye\u00a0that makes it look a little strange but neither eye was damaged. I don&#8217;t think Mia will ever forget that 90 minute ride with this beautiful little owl on her lap.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;m enough of a realist to know that the odds are likely against the survival of this youngster. I won&#8217;t be surprised if there are both broken bones and soft tissue damage to the wing and those kinds of injuries are often untreatable but we had to give this bird every chance possible.<\/p>\n<p>At this point I can only hope for two things &#8211; that the owl can be rehabilitated and released back into the wild and that the owner of that fence and I are in the same ball park if\/when we try to agree on what &#8220;reasonable&#8221; fence repair costs are. Even though I&#8217;m not a fan of barbed wire, having grown up on a Montana farm I have a lot of empathy for the hard life of many farmers and ranchers and there&#8217;s no question that when I cut the fence I didn&#8217;t make life any easier for its owner.<\/p>\n<p>But as far as I&#8217;m concerned I didn&#8217;t have\u00a0an acceptable\u00a0alternative.<\/p>\n<p>Ron<\/p>\n<p><strong>Update: While I was taking an afternoon nap this email came in from Mike Shaw at Hawkwatch:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>&#8220;Just heard from DaLyn in Ogden: the owl made it through the night, ate all it&#8217;s food, and she&#8217;s optimistic it can be released. The wing was pretty beat up and needed stitches, but no broken bones.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Dalyn is the director of WRCNU. I&#8217;m overjoyed. To be perfectly honest I was prepared for this little guy not to make it. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>I&#8217;m so glad I decided to\u00a0cut that wire!<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many readers will remember the Barn Owl I had to cut out of barbed wire last summer in Montana. At the time I only had a small, cheap and dull pair of wire cutters with me and the effort required to cut the thick double-stranded wire strained tendons in my arm that took several weeks to heal. So I invested in two new heavy-duty pairs of wire cutters to carry in my pickup in case I ever came across a similar situation again. It&#8217;s a darn good thing I did.<\/p>\n<p> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/2016\/06\/20\/another-nasty-encounter-between-an-owl-and-a-barbed-wire-fence\/\"><span>Continue reading<\/span><i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":40228,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[393,4,334],"tags":[35,2995,145,1432,190,279,311,2209],"class_list":["post-40223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bathing-bird-behaviors","category-bird-behaviors","category-birds","tag-asio-flammeus","tag-entangled-in-barbed-wire","tag-fledgling","tag-hawkwatch-international","tag-juvenile","tag-short-eared-owl","tag-utah-2","tag-wildlife-rehabilitation-center-of-northern-utah"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/short-eared-owl-6003-ron-dudley.jpg","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1zzJh-asL","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40223"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40223\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/featheredphotography.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}