Early this morning, just as the sun was coming up over the Wasatch Mountains, we came across this adult Peregrine Falcon, with prey, along the causeway to Antelope Island State Park. It is apparently another escaped falconry bird as it had obvious falconry anklets above its feet, though the actual jesses had been removed.
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This first image was taken where we first found it – along the edge of the causeway and next to the Great Salt Lake shoreline. A few seconds after this shot was taken the bird took off.
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But seven minutes later, as we proceeded along the causeway, we found the bird perched on this highway post.
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This shot was taken as the falcon took off from the post. You’ll notice that the leather falconry anklets, sans jesses, are apparent in each of the above three images.
1/2000, f/5.6, ISO 640, 500 f/4, 1.4 tc
And the last time we saw the bird it had landed far away on the large boulders lining the east side of the Antelope Island Marina.
We’ve reported this sighting to the Utah Division of Natural Resources and they’ve told us that they will follow up on it.
I’ve always admired the sport of falconry on several levels. Falconers generally have a deep devotion and personal attachment to their birds that I respect and they and their organizations have done a lot for raptor conservation and education. Several folks that I consider friends are falconers.
But I must admit that I’m beginning to have some misgivings in regard to falconry.
The Peregrine Falcon isn’t the first escaped falconry bird we’ve come across. Less than three years ago we found this American Kestrel falconry escapee close to Farmington Bay and it was still trailing two long jesses.
Normally, falconry birds are banded but this one wasn’t – it only had its jesses. Later we discovered that the kestrel had removed its own band.
We reported this kestrel and eventually it was caught and returned to its “owner” – underweight, but otherwise healthy. But a very short time later this bird escaped a second time – again with jesses still attached. Having to survive in the wild after significant time spent in captivity, especially with anklets and/or jesses still on their feet to encumber them, couldn’t be easy.
Add to that the fact that many falconry birds are legally taken (trapped or removed from nests as nestlings) from wild populations. Somehow, that just doesn’t sit very well with me.
I’ll be the first to admit that perhaps I don’t know or understand everything I should about falconry before making the personal decision to support or oppose this activity (something I’ve been struggling with for several years now). If anyone should care to further enlighten me (or my readers) on the subject I’d be a willing consumer of relevant information.
Ron
I am not an American falconer but a Canadian that has practiced the sport for more than 30 yrs and have flown a great many different raptor species (including two owl species). I have been a raptor educator and rehabilitator for much of this time. One aspect of falconry that has not been mentioned is the use of falconry techniques in the rehabilitation of raptors. (This was the reason more than 3 decades ago I become a falconer). With most NA raptors the mortality rate is up to 80% in their first year. This reason alone is one of the major realities as to why falconry is allowed to be practiced in our countries. By taking a wild caught raptor generally it could be argued that birds life is saved. Unfortunately, not all falconers are created equal and mistakes are made. Just like other forms of hunting ethics vary and to paint falconry with a brush based on some negatives is common but unrealistic. (The same could be said of many dog owners). I would suggest talking to the authorities in your various locations why falconry is permitted. Looking into the required exams, facilities and equipment required to be allow a license to practice falconry. (Believe me far more controlled than the keeping of any other animal).
None of this of course excuses poor falconry or justifies poor animal husbandry with any animal. Unlikely but you might want to look into why it is allowed rather than why it shouldn’t be.
Hello there,
Interesting discussion here.
First of all, (traditionnal)Falconry use of birds of prey has been proven sustainable, as for centuries, millenums, it seemed that this practice has never lead to extinction of any raptor species. (Academic research reports available in International Organisation for Birs of Prey Conservation).
It is also an ecological hunting method :
No sound, lead pollution, or mass destruction of game as sometimes happens.
Falconry as a sport or hobby or way of life ethics are high standards towards the conservation of habitas and natural systems as it is the field Falconry requires.
To my advice, do not confuse illegal trade, bird smuggling, welfare abuse to make them synonymous to Falconry and Falconers systematically.
On birds captivity, another study has proven Falconry (when rules are highly respected) even a benefit to birds of prey population. Due to natural selection, 70 % of juvenile birds die during their first year, because of accidents, predation, shooting …etc. but mainly because inexperienced to hunt and successfully catch their prey.
Trapping a wild bird, putting it out of natural competition for food and habitat (territory) is benefic if the owner is experienced and will teach the bird to hunt for a season or more. (read Dan O’Brien’s book, Rites of Autumn).
Releasing the bird afterwards, when reach sexual maturity, makes it positive for the wild population and its conservation.
On the emotional freedom loving, Falconers do not emprison birds of prey. In fact, they are given freedom flight, and nothing can stop the birds from going for its own independance. No means to force a bird flying to come back.
That is why it is referred as an Art, witch is, based on intuition and inspiration.
On the technical point, jesses do not bother the bird and if so, bird will keep biting them till they just fall off.
Anklets do certainly not disturb or cause problems to birds of prey, as it is not more than a band, and nobody complain about ornithologists banding birds.
Still, UNADAPTED jesses, too long, as shown in kestrel photo will be seriously criticised by any experienced falconer, and falconers will be the FIRST to ask their removal.
In Cornell university, where the Peregrine Falcon rehabilitation program started, independant researchers wrote something like that :
We can not say why, but amongst all techniques and way to manage and keep birds of prey in captivity for a conservation program, Falconry ancestral techniques have proved the best way to benefit the Falcons health and welfare…
Again, on freedom loving, let me ask : How did the domestication process start ? Our human domesticated animals were not freedom loving animals ?
Yet, in Falconry, we do not domesticate, we keep species as close as their natural ecology requirements.
A hawk in the wild spend almost as much time on a post or cliff, landed, as on a Falconry perch or block in captivity. Then, bird is flown free, and falconers are not owners, just keepers.
Getting food gratis is not the aspect relevant to falconry, yet getting hunting experience untill the Falcon success in taking wild game and building experience because of the opportunities given by the (experienced) falconer will probably give more chance to survive in the wild if set free.
Falconry is not to keep a pet hawk. The definition of Falconry as suggested by the International Association for Falconry And Conservation of Birds of Prey made it clear, You can find it in Wikipedia.
Falconry is to catch wild game with a raptor trained for that purpose.
Yes there are hawk keepers, not falconers or hunters, who have hawks as pet. There is a gap, no, a canyon between being a Falconer and being a Hawk Keeper. But this is another debate, not about the legitimity of Falconry.
Many university studies were carried on Falconry and I think the Peregrine Fund and University of Bords of Prey, Boise Idaho along with the North American Falconry Archives can give a fair knowledge to make up opinion based on facts.
DDT, pesticides, Pollution, estates, industry, urbanisation, highways, shooting, farming…etc. have done way worse to birds of prey and wildlife in general than Falconry in the entire history of humanity and since Falconry was born, about 4500 years ago, making it the oldest sport on earth…
It is now registered by UNESCO as world untangible heritage for humanity.
I am totally not objective as i am a Falconer myself. You can take what might be relevant to you from this short resume.
Thank you for being so open minded.
Best regards,
An Arab Falconer.
Thanks very much Qassim, for your valuable contribution to this discussion. For what it’s worth, from what I’ve learned from this give and take my stance on falconry has softened significantly.
Finally! The last question (sorry this has taken me so long) :
You asked: “One final question. In another post (link below) another falconer claimed that “wild birds are generally released that following spring to go back into the breeding population”. I asked him to please document that claim because I’m skeptical that they’re “generally” (meaning more often than not) released after the first year but I’ve never had a response from him. It is my guess that it’s much less often than “generally”. Do you have any info on that? I’d really like to know”.
This is an easy one. The answer is a resounding yes. Far more wild caught birds are released at the end of the season rather than keeping them over the molt. It isn’t even close.
Obviously, we are only talking about wild caught, passage birds. I would guess that 75% of the birds flown today in falconry are captive bred. All types of falcons, hybrids, and Harris’ Hawks are bred in large numbers for falconry. Most of the wild birds that are caught are by apprentice falconers who are limited to wild caught Red Tails and, to a lesser extent, Kestrels. A few of us older falconers prefer wild caught birds, but we are the rare exception.
The most common bird taken from the wild by far is the Red Tail hawk. Probably 100:1 compared with any other bird of prey. We are blessed with large numbers of this unique Buteo. It is easy to trap, trains easily, and is one of the most capable hunting hawks in the world. My son and daughter are both apprentice falconers and currently each have immature Red Tails. I have known a few people that keep them over the molt, but very few. It is a lot of work to keep a bird over the molt, and requires a serious commitment of time at a time of year where people want to travel, fish, etc. Most people opt for releasing their Red Tails at the end of the season and trapping a new one the next year. This is really too bad as there are few birds more beautiful than a fully mature Red Tail hawk, and they get better and better at hunting every year.
There are some people that trap and fly wild Prairie falcons, Cooper’s hawks, etc. but they are very few and again there is very little incentive to keep them over the summer either. They are too common, and it is too easy to simply trap another.
Peregrines are a little different story. The only sub-species that we are allowed to take are the Tundra Peregrines (which have never been endangered) and they have a huge drawback. Due to their highly migratory nature, they do not begin molting until mid July, and are not ready to fly the second season until well into December. I know! I am chomping at the bit to get training, but Jet still has one primary on each wing to molt out! Most of my friends are already hunting and I am waiting for two more feathers to molt! Due to this inconvenient molting pattern, most people do not keep Tundra Peregrines over the molt. If Jet had not been such an exceptional bird, I probably wouldn’t have kept her over the molt either.
In summary, there are only a few of us that prefer wild caught birds, and even fewer still that keep them over the molt. The Feds could provide you with hard data as we have to report every capture, transfer, loss, and release, but my estimation would be that somewhere around 5-10% of the wild caught falconry birds are kept for more than one season. As much as I would like to say that this was for altruistic reasons, the fact is that it is simply easier to release them and catch another the next year.
Thank you for the opportunity to address some of your questions about falconry. We are a very diverse group with falconers at each end of the conservation spectrum. I don’t presume to speak for anyone but myself, but I hope to impress upon you that falconry is a way of life; it is a great deal of work and effort; and that the vast majority of us are fanatics about the care and welfare of both our birds and the wild breeding stock in North America.
If I can ever answer another question for you, please do not hesitate to ask. I will answer as honestly as possible.
And if you ever find yourself in Northeast Oklahoma, please look me up. I will introduce you to “birdwatching” on a scale that most birders can only dream of!
Respectfully,
J. Mark Runnels, PE
Bartlesville OK
I’m much relieved by what you’ve said here Mark – knowing that the majority of wild caught birds are kept for less than a year is a vast improvement on what my assumption was. And your treatise on the various species of falconry birds (here and in a previous comment) has been fascinating and enlightening.
I’m very much appreciative of your extensive efforts to answer my questions. Personally, many (though not all) of my concerns about falconry have been significantly reduced and I now have more confidence that my opinions on the subject are well informed.
Thank you very much.
Ron
On to #5…
You asked: “5. You say that you love “drastically improving their quality of life”. I’m unconvinced that you improve their life quality. In my judgement, a full stomach and being relatively free of parasites does not balance out a life in captivity and tolerating hoods and jesses for a freedom loving bird. Prison inmates get plenty to eat and medical care but would much rather be elsewhere. Seems to me that just because a bird has been deeply conditioned by training to return to the handler after a flight doesn’t mean that doing so is the best thing for the bird or that it’s really what it “wants” to do. You say that it’s “strictly up to her” if Jet chooses to return home with you or go on her way after a flight. Don’t you think that after all the conditioning she’s been through that it’s a more complicated equation than that?”
This is a tough one because it is based on human emotion applied to a non-human creature. While you are a biologist, and therefore a scientist, you also used the term “freedom loving bird”. As a biologist and a scientist, you know that birds are not capable of an emotion such as “freedom loving”. That is a human trait. We assume that because WE would like to be able to soar over the mountains… and WE would like to be capable of flight, that the bird must feel the same way. This type of anthropomorphism makes is difficult to have a non-emotional conversation.
I had a lady knock on my door once and threaten to call the SPCA on me for “…keeping that wild bird from being free”. I told her that I saw her point and invited her to go with me to release the bird. She told me “….you are a good person after all”. We went to the mews and took out my Red Tail hawk. I pulled his jesses and launched him into the sky. He made a large circle around the yard and………went right back into his mews. I explained to the lady that if the hawk could lock the door behind him, he would. He had food, shelter and protection. The only thing I asked in return is what he was genetically programmed to do anyway….hunt. She left a little bewildered, but understood more than when she came.
Like all birds, falconry or otherwise, Jet has basic needs. She needs food and water; she needs medical care (although she probably doesn’t know it); she needs a place to get out of bad weather; and she needs protection from predators. She does not love freedom, or soaring, or any of the things that we would love about being a bird. I provide her with all of these things plus, I make it easier for her to hunt.
You speak of “…deeply conditioned”. After living with me for a year now, I can accept the Jet is deeply conditioned, but when you see a wild bird being trained, you begin to realize that there is much more to it than that (or maybe much less would be the appropriate term). We don’t really train them, we simply have to convince them that we are not going to eat them (manning). I can catch a wild, immature Red Tail and spend a day or two manning it, and then fly it free on the fourth or fifth day. At this point, they haven’t been captive long enough to be deeply conditioned, and yet they (usually!) come back with us when the hunt is over. Once they figure out that we are not going to hurt them, we are going to move rabbits for them, and we are going to protect them from predators; the rest is just an extension of the bird’s nature. It is natural for Red Tails to follow a tractor plowing a field because it makes the rats run, this is very little difference. The bird chooses to stay with us because we make life easy for them. As soon as we fail to make life easy, they are gone!
You mentioned “…tolerating hoods and jesses”. Jesses are there to control the bird and keep it safe, but you may have somewhat of a point with jesses. The hood, however, is a different matter. Jet loves her hood. Remember that there isn’t much brain behind those eyes, and almost all of it is dedicated to visual input. She has no sense of smell, very little sense of taste, and fair hearing, but as a biologist you know that the vast majority of her brain is dedicated to her sense of vision. When that hood goes on, everything around her that she might have had to worry about disappears. She doesn’t know enough to ask where it went, she just knows that it is gone. This is clearly evident as, once she is hooded, she fluffs up her feathers, preens, and tucks her head under her wing and goes to sleep. The hood is not uncomfortable or inconvenient for her in any way.
I lost Jet for two days last year. She followed a flock of ducks over the horizon and we got separated. Two days later, I found her over 90 miles away, sitting in a tree. I am not sure what happened while she was gone, but she had two broken feathers, a bad scrape on the inside of her leg, and based on her weight, she had eaten something, but not enough, in two days. Life in the wild is cruel and unforgiving! When I found her, she came to me eagerly, ate the food I had brought for her, and promptly tucked one leg up and went to sleep on the way home. It is impossible to know what is really going on in that little head, but I had the distinct impression she was glad to be back where she “belonged”.
Bottom line: I doubt I have changed your (or anyone else’s) mind. It is simply too emotional an issue. Please accept that as falconers, we are absolutely not doing the birds any harm, we are doing everything possible to make their lives more comfortable and pleasant, and for whatever reason it happens, they are released into complete freedom almost every day and make a conscious decision to come back.
“While you are a biologist, and therefore a scientist, you also used the term “freedom loving bird”. As a biologist and a scientist, you know that birds are not capable of an emotion such as “freedom loving”. That is a human trait” “This type of anthropomorphism makes it difficult to have a non-emotional conversation”
Mark, I’m very aware of the potential pitfalls of anthropomorphism. That possiblilty crossed my mind as I was about to use the phrase “freedom loving bird” but I still chose to go with it to get my point across to a broader audience since others read this too. We all do it, including you. In this very same comment, you make the statement that your falcon Jet “loves her hood”. So, I have to ask – if she can’t be a freedom loving bird, how can she love her hood? And how could she be “glad” to be back to where she belonged after she left you for a few days? Sorry Mark, couldn’t resist…
“The bird chooses to stay with us because we make life easy for them. As soon as we fail to make life easy, they are gone!”
I have serious doubts about the wisdom of “making life easy” for raptors or any other wild species. Interference with natural selection can’t be a good thing for the species in the long run.
“Bottom line: I doubt I have changed your (or anyone else’s) mind. It is simply too emotional an issue”
Actually, Mark – what you’ve said in these comments might not have changed my mind but that’s because it wasn’t set in the first place. I wanted reliable input before making some decisions about how I felt about falconry. You’ve been providing that and have relieved many of my concerns to some degree, some more and some less. But overall, I’m feeling significantly better about falconry, thanks to your efforts to enlighten me (and others). Thanks for that, big time!
Oops. I skipped #3, Let me go back.
You asked “3. I’m a biologist…and largely I wouldn’t dispute your conclusions as far as you’ve taken them but it seems to me that there’s more to the story. One (just one) example – I’ve heard reliable accounts of falconers using bush planes in Alaska to search Gyrfalcon habitat for the prized white morph of the species so they can be taken from the wild. Think about the effect that removing a non-representative portion of the white morphs would have on the gene pool – reducing, or potentially eliminating that color phase. Any thoughts?”
This is a problem that is unique to Gyrs. They naturally occur worldwide from solid black to pure white with the North American birds usually somewhere in the middle referred to as “Silver”. The most desirable ones are the ones on the white end of the scale. These are found in relatively large numbers in Iceland, Greenland, and the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia where they are the dominant (only?) phase. The white birds do occasionally wander into Alaska and Canada, but they are not common. There are even reports of one being caught in Oklahoma many years ago, but most of the wild birds are silver in North America.
For purposes of this discussion, let’s set aside illegally taken, or smuggled birds. This does happen in other parts of the world, but despite popular belief to the contrary, it simply doesn’t happen here. There has not been a single proven case of wild Gyrs (or any other bird) stolen from the wild for the purpose of smuggling it out of the country in well over 20 years. It just doesn’t happen in North America. The laws are too strict, the penalties are too high, and captive bred birds are too easily available.
I too have heard stories of guys renting planes and looking for Gyr nests, but these stories dated back to the 1970s. I am certainly not saying that it isn’t going on now, but it does seem less likely. The difference today is that we are simply too good at breeding Gyrs in captivity. They breed like chickens! We bred so many Sakers (a close relative of the Gyr) in Russia, that we wound up letting over half of them go because we couldn’t export them at the time, and ran out of people to sell them to. I can open my internet connection and, assuming that I have the right permits, buy young white Gyrs for $2,000 to $4,000 each, and can buy as many as I want or need (or can afford). That is still a lot of money, but the demand is for breeders to legally serve the Arab market. I am not sure what the cost would be to fly to Alaska and rent a bush plane for days or weeks on the slim hopes of finding a Gyr nest period, let alone a white one, but I would think that the odds would be better, and the cost lower, to simply buy captive bred birds. In addition, by buying domestically bred birds, you can selectively choose exactly the genes you want, some with pedigrees going back 10-15 generations. Wild birds are always a genetic gamble.
All this assuming that you could even get the permits to legally take wild Gyrs. The last I heard, the State of Alaska only allowed resident take, and the quota was severely limited.
I am not aware of any recent significant pressure on the wild stocks of white Gyrs. The take of them in North America is severely regulated. There are tons of them in Russia, Iceland, and Greenland, but importing them is expensive and difficult. It is much easier and less expensive simply to buy breeders from proven bloodlines that are domestically raised.
Thanks Mark. I’m much relieved to hear that this apparently is not a significant problem.
” We bred so many Sakers (a close relative of the Gyr) in Russia, that we wound up letting over half of them go because we couldn’t export them at the time, and ran out of people to sell them to”
Isn’t the Saker an Asian and East European species not native to North America? I assume (hope) that when these birds were released, it was in Russia and not here. When you said “we” I wasn’t clear on where they were released.
Sorry, I thought that was clear. I lived in Russia in 2008 and had a great friend that worked in a falconry center near Ekaterinburg. We bred so many Sakers that we couldn’t sell them all, or even give them all away. The point was that like Sakers, Gyrs breed easily in captivity and there are good numbers of them available through North American breeding projects. This reduces the need to capture wild Gyrs for breeding stock. With regards to the Sakers, they were indigenous to that area so releasing them there was not an issue.
Thanks,
Mark
Hi Ron,
Meeting was cancelled, and this is more fun anyway!
You have posed several excellent questions and they are too important to answer enmass. Let’s take them one at a time to do them proper justice.
You asked: “1. You mention that your falcon (Jet) gets her food “gratis” only during the molt and imply that she must “work” for all if it for the other 8 months. Are you saying that she only eats what she catches for that 8 months or do you supplement her diet? What about most other falconers – would you say that they all work their birds daily, so that for 2/3 of the year they eat only (or mostly) what they’ve hunted for?”
With most falconry birds, they eat a portion of what they catch and their diet is supplemented by the falconer with other food and vitamins. Like any athlete, the key is weight control. If the bird gets too fat, it has no interest in hunting, and just wants to sit on telephone poles and soar on thermals. We manage their weight to keep it as high as possible while still keeping their interest in hunting. Never, ever, ever to we starve a bird, or even get close to starving a bird. Not only does this endanger the bird, but they go into a “shut down” mode where they sit still and hope something easy wanders by. We want them fat and full of energy, but not so fat that they are not interested in hunting.
To answer your question, I do believe that most other falconers work their birds every day, or every other day. This sport is all about hunting. Birds of prey do not make good pets (in fact they make terrible pets), they are a lot of work and expense to keep, and there is really no other reason to have them. Most falconers I know are ready to hunt more than their birds are. I have a Cooper’s hawk this year as well as Jet for just this reason.
Jet is a special case. She is a phenomenal bird that cannot be replaced. I will let a Red Tail, or a Prairie falcon feed up on what they kill. They have a tough constitution and can tolerate the marginal food that wild game is. Jet on the other hand, eats only quail that are specially raised for falconry. The quail are raised on wire, in a USDA ispected and approved facility, are disease and pesticide free, and vitamin fortified. This is a key element is doubling the captive bird’s life expectancy when compared with wild birds.
Keep in mind that Jet, like most Peregrines, can kill almost anything that flies. She killed two full grown Canada geese last year. But when she approaches a flock of ducks, she will still go for the easiest, slowest duck. Perhaps this duck is diseased, old, or is carrying metal shot from a shotgunner. I won’t risk letting Jet eat this. I let her spend a few minutes plucking a duck (there are a LOT of feathers on a duck!) and then will offer her a choice. She can continue with what she is doing, or step up to me to feed on fresh wholesome quail. She always has a choice, and she always chooses the quail.
That doesn’t mean that the duck goes to waste! It is interesting that I won’t feed Jet wild duck, but we do take them all home and eat them ourselves. Cooking destroys any disease organisms, and we check for metal shot. My kids love fried duck and look forward to my bringing one home. Any leftover parts that we don’t eat are checked carefully and frozen to feed the other birds.
You stated “…imply that she must “work” for all if it for the other 8 months.” The kite training is preparation for hunting, like an athlete training, if you will. The Peregrine is the undisputed master of the sky and she loves to fly. I can’t force her to do anything, only encourage her by setting up situations where she improves her muscle and condition in preparation for hunting. We typically kite train for about a month before the season. After that, it is all hunting.
Jet can leave at any time and hunt on her own. The ONLY thing keeping her with me is that I make hunting (and life in general) easier for her. She doesn’t like me, she isn’t domesticated, she really has a choice, and stays because life with me is easier than life without me. If I tried to force her to work, being with me wouldn’t be easier than hunting on her own and she would be gone in a moment.
A typical hunt mimics a wild Peregrine hunting. I put Jet up near a pond full of ducks, or a field full of pheasants. Just like a wild bird, she rings up to 1,000+ feet and waits there. The difference is that a wild Peregrine may have to wait hours for an opportunity at a duck or pheasant that happens to fly into or out of the area. If Jet stays with me, I act as a hunting partner and flush the ducks or pheasants for her. Its all about me serving her, not vice versa. From 1000 feet up (or more) she can see for miles. I am certain that she sees other opportunities, but chooses to stay with me because it is easier than hunting on her own.
The bottom line: Jet gets a special diet, but most falconry birds get at least some of what they kill. Any excess is frozen to feed them in the off season.
While you can never say all, the vast majority of falconers hunt their birds a minimum of three times a week. It has been my experience that those that don’t, do not have the drive it takes to be a successful falconer and soon fade away to something less demanding.
More later!
Mark
Incredibly interesting stuff, Mark!
I’ve watched both peregrines and prairies hunting ducks out along the causeway and it is so VERY impressive to see but I’m blown away that a 1.6 lb peregrine will take on a Canada Goose that can weigh up to 6 times as much as the falcon. Seeing that would be worth the price of admission.
You’ve answered my question, and more. Fascinating information too. Thanks for that.
I look forward to hearing from you again.
Comment on this quote:
“I’m a biologist and I think I do understand “population dynamics” reasonably well. First of all, I suspect you meant to say “less than 20% of birds of prey survive their first year”, rather than 80%.”
Everything I have ever read of studies done on raptor biology and statistics for passage (juvenile) raptors, specifically accipiters, buteos and falcos have shown that 70% to 80% of them die before they reach 1 year of age and of those, most of them die within the first 3-6 months due to starvation. The more difficult part of that would be to study prey base numbers versus the birds inexperience of proper hunting skills in order to survive. That statistic is also a very common question on many State Falconry Exams.
As a past falconer who never purchased birds for falconry and only obtained an eyas to raise myself or trapping during migration, I chose to only trap during the later part of the season, usually the last 1-2 months of the season for the fact that those birds that are available are “true survivors” since they are obviously surviving in the dead of winter in December and January. Knowing the 70%-80% high mortality rate, basing it solely on “lack of hunting skills to survive” it is logical to believe that taking an early brancher or early passage right after leaving the eyrie/hags territory, you may capture one of them birds which may not be the best for falconry purposes. With that being said, I believe in the hands of a skilled falconer, even those birds can become excellent hunters and a fantastic hunting partner to the falconer! Everyone is different, especially a new apprentice who “wants a bird now” to start their falconry career versus a seasoned falconer who can “wait for better birds”.
Eddie, Agreed – about 80% of them don’t survive, which is the same as saying 20% do survive.
Of course you are correct. 80% die in their first year. I misspoke.
I only have a few minutes. The questions and comments are fantastic and I will respond later when I have time to do so properly.
Thanks!
Mark
Hi Eddy and Ron,
Just a quick comment regarding the time of year that a bird is taken up for falconry.
The time of year that I like to take a bird depends on what I want to hunt with them and how natural that prey is for them. For example, if I take a passage Cooper’s hawk from an area with a lot of quail, and I want to hunt quail, I will take a late season bird in hopes that she is already familiar with hunting quail.
However, this is seldom the case. I like to push the envelope and encourage the bird to take game that would normally be outside their typical range. For example, my first bird was a male Red Tail that was taken very early in the season. He went on to sucessfully hunt ducks from a field, and quail over a pointer. Both of which would be outside his normal prey base. By taking an early passage, he was less set in his ways and didn’t know what he couldn’t do. A later bird would have been more firmly wedded to mice and rats, making the transition harder.
I also like taking early birds since the odds are that they are more likely to wind up a statistic than later passage birds.
The third advantage is that it extends my season. With the exception of my Peregrine “Jet”, I usually release passage birds in the spring. If I wait to take a late passage, it makes the season shorter, and it is short enough already!
There is no right or wrong here. There are reasons to both like and dislike early birds as well as late birds. It is simply a matter of personal preference.
I appreciate your taking the time to share your opinion. I can never get enough of sharing other people’s ideas.
Mark
Mark,
I especially appreciate this part of your comment – “I also like taking early birds since the odds are that they are more likely to wind up a statistic than later passage birds”.
Hi Ron, I am a Master falconer in Oklahoma with over 25 years of experience. I love wild caught Peregrine Falcons, and would be happy to give you a falconer’s perspective and answer any questions you might have.
For starters, the Kestrel is inexcusable. He almost certainly got hung up somewhere and died. The jesses that it is wearing are very old-fashioned, and are actually illegal. The falconry permitting system requires that a new falconer spend two years under the supervision of an experienced General or Master falconer. This is supposed to prevent this type of amateurish error, but the system doesn’t always work perfectly. We don’t lose many birds to this type of error and it is never taken lightly. If that “falconer” is identified, he will be educated and at the slightest hint of a recurrence, will be shunned by the falconry community and hopefully his sponsor will have his permit revoked. Care and well being of the birds is always first and foremost.
The peregrine, on the other hand, will be fine. The fact that she was recently in the hands of an experienced falconer means that she is healthy, parasite free, and well equipped to live in the wild. The leather cuffs will rot away in a year or so and she will be none the worse for wear. It is interesting that I don’t see a band on this bird. Usually there will be a gold seamless metal band on a captive raised bird. This must have been a wild caught bird which drastically improves its chances of surviving in the wild now.
You mentioned that the Peregrine may suffer from getting her food “gratis”. True, during the summer molt, we pamper them and follow the instructions of the vet regarding food, supplements, etc. But during the 8 month hunting season, these birds are athletes, and we train them very hard. My bird is flown every day during the hunting season and her condition is pushed to the point that she is healthier, and stronger than a wild bird. I have an elaborate kite setup that builds her condition by encouraging (not forcing) her to fly higher, and work harder. She loves to fly and enjoys the kite. In addition to improving her strength, learning to fly at greater heights makes her a better hunter as well. A well trained falconry bird is stronger, and a better hunter than its wild counterpart. Add in that she is disease and parasite free, and usually fully mature at the time she returned to the wild, and she is very capable of taking care of herself.
With regards to falconry being sport, I suppose if synchronized swimming is a sport, falconry qualifies as well. I view it more of a lifestyle, but my wife calls it “bird worship”. Our entire life is planned around the care, maintenance, and hunting of these birds. Perhaps it is best described as the ultimate form of bird watching. How often have you been driving and seen a Red Tail hawk pounce on a mouse alongside the road? That is falconry. You spoke about seeing the interaction between a Bald Eagle and a Prairie falcon. That is falconry. We are inserting ourselves into the predator/prey drama that plays out everyday across this country, but goes mostly unseen.
Falconry is all about the love of the birds of prey. If the goal was to kill game animals, a shotgun works much better. I killed 15 ducks over the entire season last year. That wouldn’t even make a good weekend for a shotgunner. Plus the ducks that we did take were the older, weaker birds whereas shotgunning is indiscriminate.
The thing that concerns most people about falconry is the idea of taking birds from the wild. Once you understand the population dynamics, you realize that this simply isn’t an issue. Banding studies have scientifically determined that less than 80% of the birds of prey survive their first year. Peregrines are even lower than that. To put this into perspective, a natural environment that can support 10 new birds will hatch 100. Of those 100, only 20 will live their first year. The remaining 80 fall victim to predation, accidents, disease, and starvation. If a falconer removes one first year bird (the only type we take) from the wild, the same 20 will still live, but now only 79 will die. The fact that the falconer captured a wild bird means that there is one more falcon in the world, not one less.
I would like to emphasize that we only take first year birds from the wild. Older birds are stubborn and almost impossible to train, plus they are the natural breeding stock and should be left alone. By custom, tradition, and U.S. law, we only take first year birds that are part of the 80% described above.
The vast majority of falconry birds are not wild caught. Advances in modern breeding techniques means that young birds are available in large numbers for falconry. I am one of the odd ones that love and appreciate the wild caught birds. I spend far more money trapping wild birds than the cost of buying captive raised birds, but it isn’t about the money. I love the idea of bonding with a wild bird, drastically improving its quality of life, and watching it return to the wild someday knowing that we are both better off for the time we spent together. I would estimate that less than 10% of the birds flown in falconry today are wild caught, and far less than 1% of the Peregrines flown in falconry in North America are wild caught.
Falconry (especially the capture of wild birds) is very highly regulated by the government based on hard data from biologists. Peregrine falcons especially are closely monitored. This year there were only 38 Peregrine capture permits issued for over 2000 falconers nationwide, and I know for a fact that many were not filled (one of the two in Oklahoma wasn’t). The fines are steep and willful violations are very rare.
If a falcon survives her first year, she has a life expectancy of 5-7 years. Due to protection from predators, inclement weather, excellent medical care, and the best diet that money can buy, it is not uncommon for captive falcons to live 12-15 years. I have a friend with one that is 21 and enjoying “retirement” hanging out in air conditioned chambers and feeding on specially raised quail. He is too old to fly, and would certainly die if released, but we get too attached to these birds to not take the best care of them that we possibly can.
My bird is a female Tundra Peregrine Falcon named Jet (named for the town near to where she was caught). When I caught her last year, she was starving. The vet said that she was healthy, but just a poor hunter. She was almost certainly headed towards being part of the 80% that don’t live their first year. It is very unlikely that she would be alive today if I had not caught her. I don’t consider that I “took” her from the wild, but rather that I “rescued” her from the wild.
I hope Jet chooses to stay with me her whole life, but I release her everyday and it is strictly up to her if she chooses to return home with me, or go on her way. If someday she chooses to return to the wild, I will know that she is continuing on her way healthier, more fit, and well prepared to live her life in the wild, and I will be the better for having been privileged to have her share a portion of her life with me.
Falconry really is a positive influence on the wild birds of North America. If you have any questions, or concerns, I would be happy to answer them honestly and to the best of my ability.
Mark Runnels
Bartlesville OK
Mark,
Thank you very much for the Falconry 101 course in a nutshell. I know that I, and many of my readers, appreciate the effort you’ve made here to educate us regarding the sport of falconry. What you’ve said is reasoned, thoughtful and persuasive. And you’ve been a gentleman about it. I like your style.
I agree, the kestrel was inexcusable. And from my research (and other sources) I don’t believe it to be an isolated case, though I agree that the vast majority of falconers are conscientous (almost to a fault) about their birds.
I too now believe that this peregrine will “be fine” and in fact I’m delighted that she’s now “out there”. She was spotted again a couple of days ago and seems to be thriving.
You offered to answer some questions. I have a few.
1. You mention that your falcon (Jet) gets her food “gratis” only during the molt and imply that she must “work” for all if it for the other 8 months. Are you saying that she only eats what she catches for that 8 months or do you supplement her diet? What about most other falconers – would you say that they all work their birds daily, so that for 2/3 of the year they eat only (or mostly) what they’ve hunted for?
2. Obviously you’re a truly dedicated falconer. “Bird worship” is your “lifestyle”. As you said, your “entire life” revolves around your bird. If all falconers were like you describe yourself, many of my concerns would be alleviated. But as I’m sure you know, many of them are not. The falconer who apparently owned the peregrine in this post is a case in point. A few days ago I got an email from another falconer telling me that he’s “sure who owned that bird, but he can’t prove it”. The “owner” had the bird for 9 weeks but it was very wild and difficult to train. Finally, with help from others, they “got the bird manned down, free flying to the lure and it killed it’s first pigeon”. But at the end of all that, the “owner” said he “didn’t like the bird” and was going to “get rid of it”. Two months later, when asked about the bird, he said he did “get rid of it”. My point; even though I’m glad this peregrine is now on its own, this particular falconer doesn’t sound to me like an icon of falconry virtues. And I’m afraid there are too many others out there like him. So FINALLY, my question – Do you agree that there’s a significant segment of the falconry community that do a disservice to the sport, and to the birds?
3. I’m a biologist and I think I do understand “population dynamics” reasonably well. First of all, I suspect you meant to say “less than 20% of birds of prey survive their first year”, rather than 80%. If so, they are easy numbers to transpose, and largely I wouldn’t dispute your conclusions as far as you’ve taken them but it seems to me that there’s more to the story. One (just one) example – I’ve heard reliable accounts of falconers using bush planes in Alaska to search Gyrfalcon habitat for the prized white morph of the species so they can be taken from the wild. Think about the effect that removing a non-representative portion of the white morphs would have on the gene pool – reducing, or potentially eliminating that color phase. Any thoughts?
4. You mention “modern breeding techniques”. One of those techniques is to artificially produce hybrids – unnatural crosses between differenet species of falcons. I know it’s illegal to release them into the wild, but “stuff happens”, as we’ve discussed. Do you see any problem with this practice? As a biologist, I certainly do.
5. You say that you love “drastically improving their quality of life”. I’m unconvinced that you improve their life quality. In my judgement, a full stomach and being relatively free of parasites does not balance out a life in captivity and tolerating hoods and jesses for a freedom loving bird. Prison inmates get plenty to eat and medical care but would much rather be elsewhere. Seems to me that just because a bird has been deeply conditioned by training to return to the handler after a flight doesn’t mean that doing so is the best thing for the bird or that it’s really what it “wants” to do. You say that it’s “strictly up to her” if Jet chooses to return home with you or go on her way after a flight. Don’t you think that after all the conditioning she’s been through that it’s a more complicated equation than that?
One final question. In another post (link below) another falconer claimed that “wild birds are generally released that following spring to go back into the breeding population”. I asked him to please document that claim because I’m skeptical that they’re “generally” (meaning more often than not) released after the first year but I’ve never had a response from him. It is my guess that it’s much less often than “generally”. Do you have any info on that? I’d really like to know.
https://featheredphotography.com/blog/2012/10/14/escaped-falconry-bird-peregrine-falcon-again/
I think this is a valuable discussion Mark. I’m learning some things and I’m really trying not to have a “knee-jerk” response to what you’ve said and I hope you don’t think I’ve done so. My goal is to have a truly informed (and accurate) opinion regarding falconry.
Thanks once more for your very valuable input.
Ron
Hi Ron, Let’s address question #2
You stated:”2. Obviously you’re a truly dedicated falconer. “Bird worship” is your “lifestyle”. As you said, your “entire life” revolves around your bird. If all falconers were like you describe yourself, many of my concerns would be alleviated. But as I’m sure you know, many of them are not. The falconer who apparently owned the peregrine in this post is a case in point. A few days ago I got an email from another falconer telling me that he’s “sure who owned that bird, but he can’t prove it”. The “owner” had the bird for 9 weeks but it was very wild and difficult to train. Finally, with help from others, they “got the bird manned down, free flying to the lure and it killed it’s first pigeon”. But at the end of all that, the “owner” said he “didn’t like the bird” and was going to “get rid of it”. Two months later, when asked about the bird, he said he did “get rid of it”. My point; even though I’m glad this peregrine is now on its own, this particular falconer doesn’t sound to me like an icon of falconry virtues. And I’m afraid there are too many others out there like him. So FINALLY, my question – Do you agree that there’s a significant segment of the falconry community that do a disservice to the sport, and to the birds?”
Wow! Where to start? Let me begin by saying that any group will have a few bad apples. Bad falconers are a significant problem in other parts of the world, but are pleasingly rare in North America. I have practiced falconry in Russia, Germany, and have read extensively about falconry in other parts of the world. Nowhere is the standard higher than in the US. We fly better birds that live longer and take more game than anywhere else I know of, and we do far more to promote the general well being of our wild stocks.
The answer to your question boils down to the definition of the word “significant”. The simple answer is no. Birds of prey bite; they have bad attitudes; they puncture with their talons; they never really become tame; they are expensive to procure (regardless of whether you buy them or trap your own). They take a lot of time and maintenance year round. You can’t just hang them up on the wall like a shotgun and ignore them until the next hunting season. Unfortunately, you will always find a few that do not uphold the high standards of North American falconry, or just want a cool pet. They generally don’t last very long. If they don’t have the will or drive (my wife says “genetic defect”) to commit to falconry for the long haul, they fade away pretty quickly.
Let’s talk a minute about the Peregrine in the picture. Something doesn’t add up. Peregrines, Gyrs, Harris’ Hawks, and Goshawks taken from the wild must be banded with a Federal ID marker. Each state can add more birds to this list, but these four are required by the Feds. This marker looks like a black plastic zip tie with a serial number on it. In addition, all captive bred birds must have a permanent metal seamless band applied when they are chicks. I don’t see any band on this bird, so it is obviously not a captive bred bird. It’s possible that this is a wild caught bird that chewed its plastic federal band off, but I doubt it. The bird in the picture is at least two years old, and probably three based on its coloration. If it was legally caught from the wild, it was caught several years ago.
None of this adds up with the bird in the picture. I suspect that someone (not a legal falconer) caught an adult bird and tried to train it. He got a firsthand lesson on why we NEVER take adult birds!
If he intentionally released it, why didn’t he remove the anklets?
Nothing about this “falconer” or his behavior adds up to a legal, permitted falconer operating within the rules and laws of the US. Holding him out to be an example of falconry and falconers, is like holding out an ivory poacher as an example of hunters in general. If you would like to share this person’s name and contact information with me, I would be more than happy to request a federal investigation into his behavior. This is NOT falconry.
I wish I lived closer. I would offer to gently trap this Peregrine and remove her anklets. Perhaps there is a local falconer in your area willing to do so.
Two down and two to go!
More later.
Mark
Mark, Sorry for the delayed reply. I first read this as an email and then (for some strange reason) thought I had replied to it.
I’m glad to know that you don’t think the number of “rogue” falconers is significant. And your explanation as to why is convincing.
I took many photos of that peregrine and I don’t see either the Federal ID marker or the metal seamless band in any of them – only the leather anklets.
I don’t know the name of the “falconer” – the person who emailed me about him didn’t share it.
Thanks again for all this valuable information!
On to question #4
You asked:”4. You mention “modern breeding techniques”. One of those techniques is to artificially produce hybrids – unnatural crosses between different species of falcons. I know it’s illegal to release them into the wild, but “stuff happens”, as we’ve discussed. Do you see any problem with this practice? As a biologist, I certainly do.”
On this one I agree with you. It used to be that hybrids had to be fully imprinted on humans, or surgically sterilized. I wish that the Feds had not dropped that requirement.
I would guess that 60% of the hybrids flown in falconry are hard imprints. These are of no real concern as they will never pollute the breeding stock. They will live out their lives in the wild, but will only “breed” with humans. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about the remaining 40%.
Telemetry has greatly reduced the number of accidental losses, but there are still a few. Falconers are required to fly hybrids with two transmitters, which helps to reduce the losses due to failed transmitters.
I don’t have a solution for this issue.
There are lots of well documented natural hybrids, especially between Gyrs and Sakers in Asia, and Prairies and Peregrines in the US, but this is no excuse for contaminating the natural breeding stock.
Hybrid falcons are excellent falconry birds, but we need to find a way to keep them available for falconry, but to protect the wild breeding population. Requiring hybrids to be hard imprints, or surgically sterilized in no way reduced their value as falconry birds, but was an effective protection against introducing hybrid genes into the natural gene pool.
Unfortunately several states allow the trapping of kestrels for apprentice falconers. The jesses on the kestrel pictured were too long and incorrectly attached. The weight management to safely hunt kestrels requires weighing several time daily and should only be attempted by experienced falconers. Bad apples are on every tree, but the benefit to raptors by falconry far outweighs the damage done by inexperience or neglect.
Respect for the health and care of these great birds is foremost in falconry. The wrotten apples usually hit the ground first as they neglect to renew their permits, licenses and weed themselves out of the sport after a few years.
Thanks Metrix. I was hoping to get some input from falconers. I agree that there has been enormous benefit to raptors from falconry but personally I’m unsure about how the balance of the scales is tipping these days, plus or minus. My greatest concern is the trapping (and removal of fledglings from nests) of birds from wild populations. But as I said, I’m still learning about all of this.
I am late to the party (life got in the way) and can only add that I too have reservations. And worry that the escaping birds may not have the necessary survival skills.
Thanks for your input Elephant’s Child.
Purely anecdotal, but a falconer once told me that captive Peregrines might be successful on 1 of 4 stoops, while wild birds might have a batting average of 2 or 3 in 4. The difference being the ability of the wild bird to hone it’s instincts and skills by practicing all day, every day. That said, I’ll bet the pictured bird makes it. Hunger is a great motivator. It’s already exhibiting good instincts by hanging around a place with high shorebird densities, and it will have plenty of time to practice (if it isn’t already proficient) before winter arrives. Of greater concern would be it’s ignorance of natural hazards, aka smart, hungry Eagles!
Thanks Mike, your comment gives me more hope for the peregrine. And you’re right about eagles. I once watched (and came close to getting a photo of) an adult Bald Eagle stealing prey from a Prairie Falcon along the causeway. The eagle swooped in on the falcon while both were in the air and the falcon immediately dropped the prey (a duck) and skedaddled. The eagle then dropped down to the ice for the duck.
I don’t understand much about falconry, however I agree with your statements about it “not sitting well” with me… It seems a fascinating “sport” (is it a sport??). I cannot even imagine the type of skill required to FIND a nest and then grab a hatchling… and then train it.
Have you seen photos of people who go parasailing or hanggliding with their raptors? I saw some in the SF Chronicle many years ago, a photo taken in asia…
They are beautiful creatures and it distresses me to see them tethered and if they escape, to see them with these bands around their legs, prohibiting them from flying freely, or whatever else…
Nicole – No, I haven’t heard of folks hanggliding or parasailing with their raptors. Seems a little strange…
Ron, like you, I have very little knowledge of falconry, but do have experience putting leg bands on raptors. As a matter of fact, just today we banded a wild Peregrine and Kestrel, both on their first migration. A raptor’s tarsus is fully grown by the time bird fledges it’s nest, so assuming the anklets on the pictured PEFA were sized properly (PEFAs are flown by experienced falconers, so they probably are), there shouldn’t be an immediate issue of them constricting the bird. The threat of hanging up in something, especially in a bird that hunts in the air rather than the ground, is also probably minimal. Who knows, they might even offer protection ala leather gloves. My concern would be how unknown general wear, wet/dry and freeze/thaw cycles might affect the bird over time.
The Kestrel is a different story. It’s impossible to look at that handsomely perched bird without picturing it’s jesses wrapped around the wire. Or a branch. Or any of a multitude of objects… Sooner rather than later. Guaranteed. AKs are generally flown by beginners to the sport, so I get it- an inexperienced falconer made a mistake. But twice? That’s lazy bird care, aka negligence. Period. Find another “sport”.
Thanks very much Mike – I was hoping you’d chime in here. I’m glad to hear that the anklets aren’t likely to be a significant problem for the peregrine. But one of my other concerns for that bird is its survival over a harsh winter when it’s used to getting much of its food “gratis”, in captivity. As you’re well aware, survival is often a “thin edge” proposition and it seems to me that this bird might have some strikes against it going into winter…
I keep thinking about you up there on the mountain. Hope you’re having a blast with the raptors!